• 797 – Byzantine emperor Constantine VI was captured, blinded, and imprisoned by the supporters of his mother Irene.


• 1713 – With no living male heirs, Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI issued the Pragmatic Sanction to ensure one of his daughters would inherit the Habsburg lands.
 
• 1861 – American Civil War: The first bloodshed of the war took place when Confederate sympathizers in Baltimore, Maryland, attacked members of the Massachusetts militia en route to Washington, D.C.

• 1943 – The Holocaust: Nazi troops entered the Warsaw Ghetto to round up the remaining Jews, sparking the first mass uprising in Poland against the German occupation.