• 1544 – Italian War of 1542–46: French and Spanish forces fought a massive pitched battle in the Piedmont region of Italy.


1814 – The Treaty of Fontainebleau was signed, ending the War of the Sixth Coalition, and forcing Napoleon to abdicate as ruler of France and sending him into exile on Elba.

1913 – The Nevill Ground's pavilion was destroyed in the only suffragette arson attack on a cricket ground.



1951 – US President Harry S. Truman relieved General of the Army Douglas MacArthur of his commands for making public statements about the Korean War that contradicted the administration's policies.

• 1970 – Apollo 13 is launched.



1996 – While attempting to set a record as the youngest person to pilot an airplane across the United States, the aircraft flown by seven-year-old Jessica Dubroff crashed in Cheyenne, Wyoming, killing her and two others.


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